Ranking, Not Point Estimates: Risk Tiering and the Case for AI-Assisted Loss Data in Caribbean SIDS Credit
Official lending rates across the Caribbean range from 5% to 15%, with public debt burdens exceeding 100% of GDP in several states.
International Monetary Fund
Regulator · 50 documents
Key number
73.8 billion CHF
Consolidated result of banks in Switzerland. Swiss Bankers Association p.4
Digital Infrastructure Integration and Capital-Market Resilience in a Frontier Exchange: A Longitudinal Panel and Coefficient-Decomposition Analysis of the Nairobi Securities Exchange
The study analyzes a balanced panel of 53 ordinary equity securities continuously listed and traded on the Nairobi Securities Exchange over the 2021-2025 period.
From Digital Transactions to Formal Credit: A Review of FinTech-Enabled MSME Financing in India
The study gathers primary data using a structured questionnaire administered to a sample size of 100 respondents from MSMEs.
Improving the Transformation Process of Commercial Banks' Operations
Between 1 January 2021 and 1 January 2026, total banking assets in Uzbekistan grew from UZS 366.1 trillion to UZS 925.0 trillion, achieving a compound annual growth rate of 20.4 percent.
Factors Affecting Financial Distress in the Banking Sector
The study analyzes a sample of 33 banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, comprising 363 bank-year observations covering the 2015–2025 period.
Bangladesh Development Update: Strengthening Domestic Resource Mobilization
Real GDP growth in Bangladesh slowed significantly to 5.8 percent in FY23 from 7.1 percent in FY22, weighed down by weak private consumption and investment.
Stablecoin Development Pathways: A Comparative Analysis of Regulatory Logic and Market Landscape in China and the United States
By mid-2026, the aggregate global stablecoin market capitalization reached roughly $280 billion, with dollar-pegged instruments comprising over 92% of circulating supply.
Analysis of Fintech Application Utilization on Financial Inclusion: A Literature Review
Indonesia's 2024 National Survey on Financial Literacy and Inclusion reported a 75.02% financial inclusion index.
Productive Finance for the Belt and Road Initiative: Reexamining China’s Debt Sustainability Framework
China committed over $1.3 trillion in development finance to the Global South between 2000 and 2021.
Regulatory Compliance and Financial Regulation Challenges in Cross-Border Financial Data Flows Under AI Governance
The conceptual study evaluates regulatory compliance and financial regulation issues in cross-border financial data flows, published in Volume 10, Number 10 of the journal.
Republic of Uzbekistan Financial Sector Assessment
Cumulative government capital injections into state-owned commercial banks reached US$5.8 billion between 2017 and 2023.
Currency Internationalization and International Financial Centers: Historical Logic, Evolutionary Mechanisms, and Implications for China
In May 2022, the International Monetary Fund increased the RMB's weight in the Special Drawing Rights basket from 10.92% to 12.28%.
Inflation, Exchange Rate Movements and Cryptocurrency Returns in Nigeria: Evidence from a Structural VAR Model
The paper investigates the dynamic relationships between headline inflation, official naira/US-dollar exchange rate, and returns of five cryptocurrencies using a seven-variable structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model.
The BRICS Initiatives for the Transformation of the International Monetary and Financial System
BRICS member countries represent around 55% of the global population and approximately 40% of global GDP in purchasing power parity.
Cryptocurrency Regulation and Monetary Policy Trade-offs in Transition Economies
Transition economies across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Latin America face unique structural macroeconomic challenges, including currency substitution and weak monetary policy transmission.
Determinants of Insurance Adoption: Regional Disparities in Nigeria
A cross-sectional survey of 615 adults across Nigeria's six geopolitical zones evaluated the determinants of insurance inclusion.
State Policy on Banking Regulation Amid the Development of FinTech Technologies and Growing Digital Risks to National Security
Total Ukrainian banking sector net assets grew by 70.1% from UAH 2,352 billion in 2022 to UAH 4,001 billion in 2025.
Conceptual Model of Sustainable Financial Instruments for Ensuring Environmental-Economic Resilience Under Digitalization and Globalization
The empirical research dataset evaluates green bond activity across 46 countries for the period from 2000 to 2025.
The effects of geopolitical risk on sovereign debt holders in the euro area
The Securities Holdings Statistics by Sector (SHSS) dataset provides granular coverage generally above well 90 percent for each euro area country analyzed.
Comparison of the Role of Financial Inclusion, Financial Technology, and Institutional Quality on the Growth of MSMEs in Indonesia and Malaysia
Indonesian MSMEs expanded from 62,922,617 units in 2017 to 64,194,057 units in 2018, reflecting a growth rate of 2.02%, and reached 65,465,497 units in 2019.
Decorrelating the Advice Layer: A Calibrated Fragility Metric and Tested Mitigations for Synchronized Liquidation in Agentic Wealth Management
In a March 2026 survey of 938 U.S. investors, 62% reported using AI tools for investment decisions, 22% used them to assist portfolio decisions, and 24% named "market herding" as a concern.
Cryptocurrency Ecosystem: A Comprehensive Review of Market Dynamics, Adoption, Regulatory Framework, Security and Sustainability
The paper synthesizes cryptocurrency literature using a curated reference base of 84 scholarly and foundational sources.
The geoeconomic impact of stablecoin use as a means of payment by state and non-state actors (2022–2026)
Total costs for stablecoin cross-border remittances range between 0.5% and 3.0%, compared to 9.50% for traditional banking channels.
Assessing the Impact of Digital Business Models on the Performance of Commercial Banks
By the end of 2025, TBC Uzbekistan's ecosystem reached 23 million registered users, while Uzum services exceeded 20 million monthly users.
Tokenization of Real-World Assets and Financial Market Transformation: A Review of Literature
The systematic literature review synthesized 25 peer-reviewed research works published between 2015 and 2026 to evaluate RWA tokenization.
Thematic Review on Public Sector Backstop Funding Mechanisms: Peer Review Report
Only 4 (21%) of reviewed jurisdictions are fully compliant with KA 6, while 8 (42%) are materially non-compliant.
Cyber Security Challenges in Digital Finance: Future Strategies
Digital finance has transformed financial services while expanding the cyber-attack surface across banking, FinTech platforms, and decentralized systems [p.1].
Financial Inclusion and New Banking Models in Morocco
The adult account ownership rate in Morocco stands at approximately 53%, reflecting ongoing progress alongside notable urban-rural and gender disparities.
Artificial Intelligence and Financial Decision Making: Adoption, Applications and the Evolving Role of Human Judgement
Process automation is the most common AI use case in financial services at 79%, followed by data visualization and software engineering at 75% each.
Eurofi Views Dublin
Mario Draghi estimated that the EU requires €1.2 trillion of annual investment to compete globally in an integrated market of 450 million people.
Regulatory Update Dublin - September 2026
Stock markets remained calm after the start of the conflict in Iran on February 28, 2026, with the S&P 500 gaining a maximum increase of 7% on May 10, 2026.
Economic Turbulence and Financial Technologies: Adaptation of Ukrainians to New Realities
Cashless payment card transactions accounted for 65.4% of the total value of payment card transactions in Ukraine as of 1 January 2026.
Banking Barometer 2026
In 2025, real growth of the Swiss economy reached 1.5%, remaining below its multi-year average.
Islamic Financial Regulations, Islamic Financial Literacy and Financial Inclusion: Insights from ASEAN
The systematic literature review synthesized 15 empirical studies drawn primarily from Indonesia and Malaysia published between 2016 and 2024.
Adaptive Modeling of the Economic Development of Banks in Ukraine Under Martial Law
Ukrainian banks' net profit grew from 41,3 млрд грн in 2020 to ~150–160 млрд грн in 2024, driven by income from deposit certificates and domestic state loan bonds.
Central Bank Exploration of Tokenized Reserves
The note categorizes single-ledger arrangements into 4 operating models: integration, distribution, separation, and permissionless.
Technology Solutions to Support Central Bank Digital Currency with Limited Connectivity: A Review of Existing Approaches
In a 2023 BIS survey, almost all surveyed central banks reported considering offline CBDC payments to be vital or advantageous.
Central Bank Digital Currency and Other Digital Payments in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Regional Survey
Thirty of the 33 central banks in sub-Saharan Africa responded to the regional survey on digital currencies and payments.
Implications of Central Bank Digital Currencies for Monetary Policy Transmission
According to a 2022 BIS survey, 93 percent of central banks are actively exploring CBDCs and 58 percent report being likely to or possibly issuing a retail CBDC in the short or medium term.
Capital Flow Management Measures in the Digital Age (2): Design Choices for Central Bank Digital Currency
Central banks are exploring retail and wholesale CBDCs to complement traditional cross-border payment rails and lower transfer costs.
How Should Central Banks Explore Central Bank Digital Currency? A Dynamic Decision-Making Framework
Central banks must develop a long-term vision for monetary and payment systems spanning a time horizon of at least 5 to 10 years as economic digitalization accelerates.
Institutional Arrangements for Fintech Regulation: Supervisory Monitoring
In Ghana, the growth of mobile money increased access to financial services for unbanked demographics, with 35 percent of adults in rural areas reporting having used the service between 2014 and 2017.
The Rise of Payment and Contracting Platforms
The IMF mandate is governed by the central banks and finance ministries of 190 member countries.
Taxing Stablecoins
Tether and USD Coin attempt to maintain a stable value by being purportedly backed one-for-one in value to underlying assets.
Digital Currencies and Energy Consumption
The global payment system is estimated to consume 47.3 TWh of energy annually, accounting for roughly 0.2 percent of total global electricity consumption.
Capital Flow Management Measures in the Digital Age: Challenges of Crypto Assets
Globally, the scale of crypto assets remains relatively small at $2–$3 trillion, or about 1 percent of total market value of financial assets.
Behind the Scenes of Central Bank Digital Currency: Emerging Trends, Insights, and Policy Lessons
In late 2021, the Central Bank of The Bahamas recorded around 20,000 active Sand Dollar wallets within a population of about 400,000.
Keeping Pace with Change: Fintech and the Evolution of Commercial Law
Fintech Note 2022/001 provides guidance on modernizing commercial law frameworks to accommodate technological innovation while mitigating legal risks.
Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms: A Primer for Supervisors
Bitcoin block rewards fell from 12.5 Bitcoins to 6.25 Bitcoins in May 2020.
Distributed Ledger Technology Experiments in Payments and Settlements
Central banks in Brazil, Canada, the Euro Area/Japan, Singapore, South Africa, and Thailand have conducted large-value interbank payment DLT experiments.