The Euro Area Bank Lending Survey - Third Quarter of 2026
Euro area banks reported a net tightening of credit standards for loans or credit lines to firms of 9% in the third quarter of 2026, up from 7% in the second quarter.
European Central Bank
Central bank · 10 documents · Website
Knowledge gaps, behaviour parity: gender differences in financial literacy in Europe
The report analyzes gender gaps in financial knowledge and behaviour across 20 EU Member States using 2022 OECD/INFE survey data.
Headwind or Tailwind? How Banks Interpret Borrowers' AI Exposure
As public attention to AI rose following the release of ChatGPT, banks lowered assessed default risk (PD) for borrowers in highly AI-exposed industries by about 5%.
Survey of Professional Forecasters - Fourth Quarter of 2026
Headline inflation expectations were revised upward by 0.3 percentage points to 3.0% for 2026 and by 0.4 percentage points to 2.6% for 2027, while staying unchanged at 2.0% for 2028.
ECB Perception of Non-Banks: A Machine Learning-Based Approach
The authors construct an index tracking the European Central Bank's perception of non-bank financial intermediaries using 2,830 speeches delivered between July 1998 and June 2024.
The effects of geopolitical risk on sovereign debt holders in the euro area
The Securities Holdings Statistics by Sector (SHSS) dataset provides granular coverage generally above well 90 percent for each euro area country analyzed.
Regulatory Incentives and the Structure of Euro Area Money Markets
Unsecured interbank lending entails material regulatory costs, estimated at around 35 basis points for lenders in the second half of 2025.
Deep-π*: A Neural Network Estimate of Trend Inflation
Deep-π* models trend inflation by mapping 122 macroeconomic indicators through neural networks into trend innovations, eliminating latent random-walk shocks and enabling exact Shapley attribution.
Debt maturity and government spending multipliers
Empirical analysis of post-war US data demonstrates that government spending shocks financed with short-term debt yield significantly higher output multipliers than those financed with long-term debt, typically exceeding unity under short-term financing.
Survey on the Access to Finance of Enterprises (SAFE) Q4 2025
A net 12% of euro area firms reported an increase in bank loan interest rates, up from 2% in the previous quarter.