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By mid-2026, the aggregate global stablecoin market capitalization reached roughly $280 billion, with dollar-pegged instruments comprising over 92% of circulating supply.
A Scopus bibliometric search conducted on 8 October 2026 retrieved 1,418 records, from which 1,045 were retained for critical analysis.
Higher CBDC Readiness Index scores positively correlate with financial inclusion (β = 0.0042, p < .001).
Global cross-border payment transactions are projected to expand from over $150 trillion in 2017 to more than $250 trillion by 2027.
Over 90 percent of surveyed central banks are engaged in some form of CBDC work, with more than half involved in experiments or pilot projects.
In Nigeria, 98.5 percent of eNaira wallets remained unused one year after launch.
Central banks must develop a long-term vision for monetary and payment systems spanning a time horizon of at least 5 to 10 years as economic digitalization accelerates.
By August 2021, total crypto asset volume had grown by 230 percent year over year in Asian emerging market economies.
In late 2021, the Central Bank of The Bahamas recorded around 20,000 active Sand Dollar wallets within a population of about 400,000.
